基于主成分-聚类-逐步回归分析构建番茄苗期耐铝性综合评价体系

铝毒是限制酸性土壤中作物产量的主要因素之一。番茄(Solanum lycopersicum)是适合在酸性土壤中种植的主要经济作物, 不同品种番茄对铝胁迫的响应存在差异, 因此, 筛选苗期耐铝毒种质对番茄生产及研究具有重要意义。以10个番茄品种为材料, 采用室内土培盆栽, 设置1 000 µmol∙L^-1 AlCl₃·6H₂O处理, 测定反映植物铝胁迫下生长状况的16个形态、生理生化及光合指标。通过主成分分析, 将铝胁迫下番茄幼苗的16个指标转化为5个独立的综合指标, 累积贡献率达90.779%。基于耐铝性综合评价值(A)的系统聚类分析, 将供试种质划分为5类, 第I类为高度耐铝品种Qianxi, 第V类为高度不耐铝品种Puluowangsi。经多元线性逐步回归分析得出番茄苗期耐铝评价方程: y=0.046+0.405X₆+0.515X₁₀-0.207X₁₅+0.028X₃ (R²=0.997), 从16个指标中提取出与A值显著相关(P<0.01)的4个指标: 丙二醛含量(X₃)、净光合速率(X₆)、叶面积(X₁₀)和地下部干重(X₁₅)。利用评价方程可判断不同番茄品种苗期的耐铝性, 使番茄耐铝性鉴定工作快速简便。     

CRISPR/Cas技术在抗除草剂作物育种中的研究与应用进展

CRISPR/Cas系统是一种简单、低成本、高效、精准的基因编辑技术,该技术能够进行基因的定向改造,加速新品种培育进程,在种质资源创制中的应用潜力较高。概述了CRISPR/Cas系统的技术原理及其在作物抗除草剂育种中的应用,简要指出了目前CRISPR/Cas技术在抗除草剂种质创制及应用过程中存在的问题及发展方向,以期为今后利用CRISPR/Cas技术创制抗除草剂新种质提供理论依据。     

高油酸油菜遗传育种研究进展

油酸（C18∶1）是双低菜籽油的主要脂肪酸之一,合理的高油酸菜籽油脂肪酸组分更有利于人体健康,因此提高油酸含量是双低油菜品质育种的一个重要方向。当前我国高油酸油菜品种选育相关研究进展缓慢,高油酸菜籽油产业化进程急需提速。围绕高油酸油菜主要从四个方面开展论述：国内外利用理化方法成功创建的油菜高油酸种质资源及其高油酸性状遗传模式;油菜高油酸性状的控制基因及其突变位点;世界上高油酸品种的培育以及我国高油酸品种的发展趋势;当前高油酸品种的不足及今后高油酸油菜品种的改良途径。为油菜育种工作者较全面地展示了国际上高油酸油菜在遗传育种方面的研究成果,也为今后我国高油酸油菜的进一步发展提供了参考。     

关联分析在作物种质资源分子评价中的应用

发掘优异基因资源是作物种质资源分子评价的重要部分,对作物育种尤其是分子育种具有非常重要的实践意义。基于连锁不平衡(LD)的关联分析是基因发掘也是等位基因发掘的有效途径。本文系统介绍了关联分析的基本理论、策略、特点及应用现状,并探讨了其在作物种质资源新(等位)基因发掘中的发展趋势及展望。可以预见,与传统QTL作图及功能基因组学相整合的关联分析必将大大加快我国作物种质资源的研究进程,实现我国种质资源优势向基因资源优势的转变。     

作物种质资源表型性状鉴定评价:现状与趋势

表型是作物基因型与环境互作后呈现出来的性状,包括形态学、生育期、产量、品质、抗性等性状。作物种质资源具有丰富的遗传多样性,并经过数千年在世界不同区域驯化利用中的人工选择,形成了表型性状的多样性,构成育种家选育作物新品种的物质基础。认识和发现作物种质资源表型的多样性需要通过系统、科学的鉴定,特别是培育适应全球气候变化下环境的品种,更需在大量种质资源中发掘和利用抗旱、耐热、抗病虫、水肥高效利用等特性的材料。作物种质资源各类表型性状的鉴定需要对环境进行有效的控制,而多年多点的鉴定可以准确观察鉴定性状的变异水平或表达稳定性,是育种家准确选择和利用性状的重要依据。作物种质资源表型性状的鉴定主要采用田间鉴定、设施鉴定、仪器分析、感官鉴定的方式。近年来,作物种质资源表型性状鉴定已从单一环境、低通量、粗放型鉴定转变为多年多环境、重点性状、高通量精准型鉴定。随着组学技术、智能与信息技术的快速发展,作物种质资源的表型性状鉴定已进入一个新阶段,形成作物育种中重要性状准确快速发掘与应用的坚实基础。     

基于ISSR标记和数量性状的火龙果种质材料遗传多样性分析

为鉴定火龙果种质材料的亲缘关系,筛选优良亲本,提高育种效率,采用ISSR分子标记技术,对25份火龙果种质材料进行遗传背景研究,将植株及果实的20个数量性状数据标准化后,采用欧氏距离计算种质间遗传距离进行比较分析。结果显示,7条ISSR引物共检测到97个位点,其中多态性位点数为93个,多态性条带比例为95.88%。基于分子标记的UPGMA聚类分析,在阈值为0.54处可将25份种质材料分为6大组群,各种质材料的相似系数分布在0.41～0.86之间。20个数量性状的变异系数在12.35%～51.66%之间,Ward法聚类分析在欧式距离为5处,可将25份种质聚为6个组群。两种分类结果并不一致,但均显示出火龙果种质丰富的遗传多样性,可根据分类结果及育种目的筛选适宜亲本。     

Test of agronomic characteristics and amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis of new rice germplasm developed from transformation of genomic DNA of distant relatives

New rice lines, restorer line RB207 and maintainer line Yewei B, with better agronomic traits were separately developed from variant progeny of R207 (rice restorer line) and V20B (rice maintainer line) through transformation of genomic DNA ofEchinochloa crusgalli (C₄ plant) andOryza minuta, respectively. The phenotypes of the variant lines were apparently different from those of the receptors. Yewei B had stronger tolerance to high temperature than did V20B. The number of spikelets per panicle and the 1000-grain weight of RB207 increased by 40% over those of R207. The results of amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis indicated that the polymorphism rates were both 4.4% between genomes of the variant lines and their receptors. Results demonstrated that special DNA segments fromE. crusgalli andO. minuta might integrate into the genome of cultivated rice and could be stably passed on. The study further shows that transformation of genomic DNA of distant relatives is an effective approach for creating new rice germ plasm. These authors contributed equally to this work.     

High throughput cryopreservation of 140,000 Physcomitrella patens mutants

A high throughput protocol was established to preserve 140,000 mutants of a moss, Physcomitrella patens, a model plant for functional genomics studies, over liquid nitrogen. Regarding the reliable long-term storage of diverse mutant phenotypes, as well as time and cost effectiveness, each working step was optimized: 1) plant preparation, 2) freezing regime, cryogenic conditions, 3) regrowth after thawing. A prerequisite for maximum regrowth was a 1-week preculture of chopped plant material on a supplemented medium prior to freezing. Cryo vials as preculture vessels resulted in identical regrowth rates, compared to petri dishes. The cryo vial type had a significant influence on regrowth rates. A cooling rate of - 1 degrees C/min down to - 35 degrees C with a 10 min holding time before transferring plants to - 152 degrees C was the most suitable freezing regime. This protocol allows a cryopreservation of 1100 plants during a 5-day working week, practicable by one person. For more than 650 cryopreserved mutants a maximum regrowth rate of 100 % was obtained, independently of mutant phenotypes.     

Cryopreservation by encapsulation-dehydration of ‘Christmas bush’ (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Ceratopetalum gummiferum</Emphasis>) shoot tips

Summary Christmas bush (Ceratopetalum gummiferum Sm) is a shrubby tree species of the east coast of New South Wales in Australia. It is much prized as a cut flower crop because of its bright, pinky red floral calyces. New varieties are being developed, the storage of which is an important issue. In this study, it was shown that shoot tips sampled from in vitro plantlets withstood cryopreservation using the encapsulation-dehydration technique. The protocol leading to optimal regrowth was the following: excised shoot tips were pretreated for 1 d in the dark on hormone-free Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium with 0.3 M sucrose, then encapsulated in 3% calcium alginate and precultured in liquid MS medium with 0.5 M sucrose for 3 d. Precultured beads were dehydrated for 6 h in the air current of the laminar flow cabinet to 24.3% moisture content (fresh weight basis) before rapid immersion in liquid nitrogen. Under these conditions, regrowth of shoot tips after cryopreservation reached 61.4%. Regrowth of cryopreserved shoot tips was not affected by the period of cold acclimation of in vitro mother plants.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">In vitro</Emphasis> propagation and cryostorage of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Syzygium francissi (Myrtaceae)</Emphasis> by the encapsulation-dehydration method

Summary An efficient procedure for the in vitro propagation and cryogenic conservation of Syzygium francissi was developed. The maximum number of shoots per explant was obtained on a Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 4.5 μM benzyladenine and 0.5 μM indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). The in vitro-propagated shoots produced roots when transferred to MS medium containing IBA, indold-3-acetic acid, or naphthaleneacetic acid at various concentrations. Rooted microshoots were transferred to a coco-peat, perlite, and vermiculite (1∶1∶1) mixture, and hardened off under greenhouse conditions. Ninety-five percent of rooted shoots successfully acclimatized in the greenhouse. Shoot tips excised from in vitro-grown plants were successfully cryostoraged at −196°C by the encapsulation-dehydration method. A preculture of formed beads on MS medium containing 0.75 M sucrose for 1 d, followed by 6 h dehydration (20% moisture content) led to the highest survival rate after cryostorage for 1h. This method is a promising technique for in vitro propagation and cryopreservation of shoot tips from in vitro-grown plantlets of S. francissi germplasm.